QUALITY CATEGORY A & CATEGORY B FACTORY

IDC terminal stability depends on factors such as the spring characteristics of the terminal head and the load capacity of the wire. From a design perspective, IDC terminals are easier to control. And the elimination of external resilience prevents the movement of the cable terminal interface. For solid welding wire, through proper stress relief, this is because of the higher inherent mechanical stability, the performance will be better than IDC end crimping. This is because the terminal deflection energy is stored in the elastically maintained high-voltage interface. Generally, for smaller wires, the terminal is designed to provide a few pounds of force and a few mils of elastic deflection at the interface.   For larger wires, the force can be as high as 15 to 20 pounds. Crimping works well in this field because it will produce metal contacts during the crimping process, and due to axial compression, a small amount of stored elastic energy of the wire. With the passage of time in society, if the crimping joint maintains a mechanically stable development state, additional diffusion welding technology can pass through the interface. However, the stress relaxation and creep of the terminal/wire system tends to decrease the stability of the construction machinery structure. Therefore, depending on the design of the mechanical system, the subsequent process may affect and ultimately lead to a decrease in work performance. Due to vibration and/or reduced stress relaxation edge strength, equipment lifespan due to mechanical instability is reduced. Regarding the stranded wire, the mechanical system stability of the stranded wire harness plays an important role in the performance, and there are two factors that affect the performance. First, because the stranded wire is under compressive load, due to mechanical interference, stress relaxation and creep, when the wire bundle is in the relaxation time slot, it tends to reduce the contact force. The degree of potential relaxation mainly depends on the type of stranded wire used by the enterprise. The number and stranding of the strands, the top coating of the conductor and the type of insulation play an important role in mechanical stability. At the same time, the cables that are easiest to cover usually perform better than solid wires. Second, the number of wires between the electrical conductivity of the wire contact is limited, and therefore the overall electrical conductivity is affected. If the wires are tinned, the latter can be optimized. In the case of multi-stranded wires, it is obvious that a well-designed strain relief device is important. Sometimes, additional IDC slots can provide the necessary mechanical stability.

   There are many categories of antennas, which can be categorized according to the nature of work, purpose, antenna characteristics, current distribution on the antenna, use of bands, antenna shape, different materials, and use of frequency. According to the frequency classification, there are 2/3/4/5G/Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/GNSS/ROLA/RFID antennas and so on. GWT's "module + antenna" full-stack solution speeds up the efficient deployment of IoT terminals. In the 5G era of Internet of Everything, IoT eco-connectivity tends to move towards high-rate, low-latency, and large-bandwidth wireless communication, and puts forward new demands for ubiquitous wireless coverage. Among them, antenna is one of the key components to realize ubiquitous wireless coverage and accurate information sensing, and it is an indispensable solution to empower IoT applications and create a smart environment. By setting up a professional antenna R&D team, GWT provides global customers with more complete full-stack IoT wireless communication solutions, unleashing the "wireless" potential of IoT applications. GWT's antenna team has a wealth of multi-type antenna R&D capabilities, RF review capabilities and antenna structure design capabilities, which can quickly help customers to solve antenna pain points and problems, and significantly reduce the development workload. Many R&D engineers have more than 10 years of antenna R&D experience, which can help customers effectively solve the RF technology, EMC analysis and troubleshooting of the whole series of antenna products and assist in the certification and other problems. Meanwhile, GWT is equipped with advanced equipments, including 48-probe darkroom for testing 400MHz-8GHz IoT devices, far-field/near-field test system, reverberation test system, 5G MIMO throughput test system and other high-tech test platforms in the microwave laboratory, which can realize high-level antenna design and performance testing.

1, drive the screen wiring harness, mainly used in a variety of display drive line, as long as it is used in the field of display are involved;   2, control wiring harness, mainly used for connecting the circuit board to control the electrical signals, financial equipment, security equipment, new energy automotive and medical equipment field;   3, power lines, such as switching power lines, computer power lines and so on.

According to the latest "2020 China 5G Economic Report", the total investment in the domestic 5G network in 2020-2025 is 0.9~1.5 trillion yuan, a considerable part of which lies in the investment in base stations. Then the base station as an important component of 5G investment, a 5G base station in the end how much is it worth? And what are the components of its cost? How much does it cost to build a 5G base station Base station is most directly divided into macro base station and micro base station, macro base station is the most important part of the 5G base station, the scale of the investment are relatively large, micro base station is relatively low cost, but also relatively simple, here will be ignored for the time being. 5G macro base station in general is composed of: - the main equipment BBU, AAU, transmission equipment; - power supporting equipment and facilities including power supply, battery, air conditioning, monitoring and control. -Civil construction includes machine room, materials, and labor. First look at the main equipment: because our operators are state-owned enterprises, demand, there is an official background, in the main equipment procurement or relative advantage, in the relevant units to understand the information, 1 BBU + 3 AAU probably cost about 20 ~ 25 million. There are also baseband boards, main control boards, power supply modules, etc. - Baseband boards are more expensive, about 1 to 20,000; - Main control boards and power supplies are relatively much cheaper, about 3,000 to 6,000 yuan; - Antennas here are also about 6,000. Then look at the power supporting equipment: according to different base station configurations, the number and specifications of the required power supporting equipment are also very different. -An outdoor cabinet, about 5,000 yuan / one. -Power cabinet is also generally 5,000 ~ 10,000 yuan; -Additionally there are batteries, is to prevent power outages for emergency use, under the premise of power to ensure stability can be considered to be exempted; -Air conditioning, burglary, wire channel, wire rack ...... total set of calculations down to the superior value of 40,000 ~ 60,000 yuan. Finally is the civil construction, this algorithm is relatively complex, due to the different types of towers, different areas of the site use different ways to invest in different funds, here first according to the mainstream three-tube tower to budget. -An ordinary three-tube tower, weighing about 8.5 tons, the cost of about 90,000 yuan. -The site, mainly self-built, rent-free kind; -Added to the whole labor costs; discount the cost of this piece of a total of about 10 to 15 million. To summarize, it costs about 450,000 dollars to build a complete 5G base station! Basically is currently the same level of 4G base station 4 times, this does not include the base station later maintenance consumption costs, such as its electricity and is a huge expenditure; due to the 5G is microwave millimeter wave, so the number of base stations required more than the number of 4G, the good thing is that at present the national grid to join to the construction of the 5G, its strong financial strength to increase the laying of the 5G basis of the capital, so that" As long as money can solve the problem is not a problem!"

5G a base station can cover a maximum area of 10,000 square kilometers, in fact, it is the maximum coverage distance of 2/3/4G single base station, are 100 kilometers, then you know how many meters a 5G base station a point a 5G base station to cover how much range? First, 5G base station how many meters a point   5G a base station can cover a maximum area of 10,000 square kilometers, in fact, it is 2/3/4G single base station maximum coverage distance, are 100 kilometers.   Calculating the coverage distance of a base station, the geographical conditions that need to be considered, here may be the main model is divided into dense urban areas, general urban areas, suburban areas, rural areas and other four more major models.   The issues to be considered are also capacity requirements, as well as edge rate requirements (including upstream and downstream rate requirements), and in the case of 5G, since it is TDD, it also involves upstream and downstream ratios.   At present, 5G base station is mainly laid in urban areas, urban areas with large network demand, about 0.5 kilometers a, suburban about 1.5 kilometers a, some in rural areas, the density of the base station is about five kilometers or so, a big city in the first tier, then about 200 meters to be installed, can be seen in the laying of the 5G base station project is still very large, the difficulty is also very large.   Second, a 5G base station covers how much range   5G base station coverage is about 250 meters, and a 4G base station coverage is about one kilometer, so that calculation, a 4G base station coverage needs about 4 5G base station to cover. So far, we have built 4.4 million 4G base stations, which is more than the total number of 4G base stations in all countries. If the coverage area of these base stations is covered by 5G base stations, then the number of 5G base stations required to fully build a 5G network reaches 17.6 million.

The actual project maintenance and repair, for maintenance personnel are most afraid of nothing more than encountering a break in the wire and cable can not find the breakpoint in what place. Although the actual maintenance of our weak power project, encountered cable problems will directly find ways to change the line or re-laying, but today we discuss what methods can be measured technically cable breakpoints! When the cable internal media breakage fault, in the case of its external package with insulation skin is not visible in the exact location, including strong power weak power are so, usually looking for breakpoints is the idea of segmentation. For example, a cable in the middle of a place can not be, respectively, from the two ends and the middle of the three points of measurement, which side is not accessible and then take the center point of the measurement, so that the range is narrowed down by inspection to quickly find the location of the breakpoints. So usually, what are the measurement methods to accurately measure the break point of the wire and cable?   1, multimeter detection method: First of all, the whole cable is not connected to the strong end of the cable on the firewire, the other end of the empty. The multimeter dialed to AC2V file, from the cable connected to the beginning of the end, while pinching the tip of the black pen, while the red pen along the insulating skin of the wire slowly moving, the display shows the voltage value of about 0.445V or so. When the red pen moved to a certain place, the display of the voltage suddenly dropped to 0.0 volts, about one-tenth of the original voltage, from the position forward (firewire access) of about 15cm is where the breakpoint. 2, inductive pen test method Induction test pen, that is, with an electronic screen, you can detect the voltage and through the equipment. First exclude the breakpoint cable around the cable has a power supply, and then there will be a breakpoint in the cable connected to the firewire, the pen perpendicular to the wire, hold down the "inductive breakpoint test" button in the wire forward and move slowly, such as the test pen to detect the sudden disappearance of AC signals, you can judge the breakpoint in the test point, the error is up to no more than 10cm. It should be noted that: the breakpoint wire around the cable can not be with power. Another reminder is that this method is not foolproof, short cable effect is obvious, the longer the cable the worse the effect.   3, the use of audio detector Audio detector is a use of single-frequency or multi-frequency signals, can test the continuity of the line to identify line faults in the instrument. Can be connected to any switch, router, PC terminal in the case of direct line finding. When tracing the cable line, no need to peel off the outer skin of the line, simple, fast, and can identify the location of the line break point. 4、Cable fault tester It is a comprehensive set of cable fault detection instruments. It can test the high resistance flashover fault of cable, high and low resistance grounding, short circuit and cable breakage, poor contact and other faults, if equipped with acoustic legal point instrument, it can accurately determine the precise location of the fault point. Especially suitable for testing various types of power cables and communication cables of different voltage levels. 5, folding line detection method Connect one end of the wire with a break point to the black pen of the multimeter, and the other end to the red pen. Multimeter playing in the resistance 200Ω file. In the most likely place to break the line (such as frequent bending points) back and forth bending. If the multimeter shows that the fluctuation of the time, this is the break point. Still can not judge, it is necessary to start bending from one end of the cable, until you find the breaking point. This method is suitable for shorter cables.   6, needle detection method This method belongs to the damage detection method, in the broken cable segments inserted into the steel needle, with a multimeter to measure the steel needle to the end of the cable through the cable to determine the breakpoint of the cable. It is not recommended under normal circumstances, because it will damage the insulation layer, and it is easy to cause other problems in the later use of the cable, especially in the environment of high humidity. This method is the use of cable pass-through to identify where the breakpoint of the cable.   7, pulling the wire detection method This also belongs to the damage detection method, generally not used in practice, but also a method listed together, using a vise to pull the cable end of the broken line, such as the breakpoint near the end of the cable, it is easy to pull the insulation skin. This method is used for the broken point in the vicinity of the cable end of the cable.   To measure the break point of the wire and cable, you can refer to the several methods introduced today, we are in the conditions, or with the help of instruments and equipment to improve efficiency is better.

1. Mainly for the operation of the sensor harness, the main harness must not be cut and re-wired 2. When the wire harness is too short and needs to be re-wired, the cut wire harness must not be cut evenly. The difference between the two wire harness connectors should be about 30mm. The conductor should not be broken when crimping, and the cross-section of the contact should meet the quality requirements. After wiring, wrap with insulating tape. It is required that the insulating tape is wrapped completely, the thickness of the tape wrapped is appropriate, safe, reliable and beautiful. 3. When the connectors cannot be plugged together and the terminals need to be crimped again, the terminals should be pressed tightly on the conductor and the insulating layer respectively, the conductor should not be broken, and the insulating layer should not be pressed into the crimping part of the conductor. After crimping Wire conductors must not interfere with insertion. The cross-section of the crimping terminal and wire crimping place should meet the quality requirements. The connection between the terminal and the wire should be firm, and should not be damaged or disengaged under the specified tension, and the tension value should be less than the regulations in Attached Table 1. 4. When wiring, the diameter and color of the selected wire and the butt wire should be uniform. If it cannot be agreed under special circumstances, it must be ensured that the same type of vehicle must be connected at the same position.

Automotive wiring harness is like the car's "nervous system", it can be said that if there is no automotive wiring harness, the car will not be able to play its maximum performance, not to mention the coordination and control of the car's internal system normal operation. The wiring harness we are talking about is a set of copper material stamped contact clips and cable crimps, and then outside the set of other metal materials, plastic sheaths or compression insulators and so on. So, for the various wiring harnesses in the car, how to determine whether there are short circuits, poor contact and other conditions, quality control and fault detection of the relevant electrical properties of the wiring harness? Today, I would like to share with you some simple and easy testing methods. 1. Automotive wiring harness tension test If the automotive wiring harness quality problems, first, the connection between the harness transmission line and the terminal is not strong enough, the harness collapse; second, the external surface of the harness transmission line is intact, but the internal copper core and the terminal is separated, which will also lead to automotive wiring harness failure, so the automotive wiring harness tensile strength test is very necessary. During the test, as the insulation layer of the transmission line cable becomes progressively thinner, it is possible to determine whether the transmission line is damaged or not; if the internal wiring is damaged, X-ray imaging is required to more accurately assess the internal condition. 2, automotive wiring harness X-ray inspection Automotive wiring harness X-ray inspection images can be more intuitive to observe the wiring harness internal welding process defects, such as leakage of solder, slag and so on. These defects can directly lead to a short circuit of the harness, jeopardizing the safety of the overall performance of the car. 3, automotive wiring harness touch test In general, when the wiring harness contact is poor, it is likely to be caused by the connector. After the connector is connected, the electrical equipment suddenly works normally or abnormally, indicating that the connector is faulty and needs to be overhauled.

With the popularization of digital TV, the reception quality of TV signals has also become a focus of attention. In the city, due to the tall buildings, signal interference and other reasons, many people often encounter unstable signal, blurred picture quality and other problems when watching TV at home. And indoor antenna becomes one of the effective ways to solve these problems. In this article, we will introduce how to improve TV signal reception by using an indoor antenna. First, choose the right indoor antenna Choosing the right indoor antenna is the first step to improve TV signal reception. When choosing an indoor antenna, you need to consider the following factors: 1. TV signal strength: If the TV signal strength near your home is weak, then you need to choose an indoor antenna with high reception sensitivity. 2. TV signal source: If the TV signal source near your home is more scattered, then you need to choose a wide range of reception indoor antenna. 3. TV signal band: different TV signal bands require different antennas, so when choosing an indoor antenna, you need to confirm that you need to receive the TV signal band. Second, the installation position of indoor antenna Installation location is also an important factor affecting the reception of TV signals. Generally speaking, the indoor antenna should be placed in a place far away from the TV, to avoid TV interference with the antenna. At the same time, you also need to avoid interference between the antenna and electrical equipment, metal objects and so on. If the source of TV signals in your home is scattered, you can try to place the antenna in a higher position, such as a window. Third, the adjustment of the indoor antenna After installing the indoor antenna, you also need to make some adjustments to achieve the best TV signal reception. Specific adjustment methods are as follows: 1. Direction adjustment: According to the direction of the TV signal source, adjust the antenna's orientation to get the best signal reception. 2. Height Adjustment: If the TV signal source near your home is far away, try to place the antenna in a higher position, such as a window. 3. Signal booster: If the TV signal strength near your home is weak, you can consider using a signal booster to improve signal reception. Indoor antenna maintenance After installing a good indoor antenna, you also need to carry out some maintenance work to ensure its long-term stable working condition. Specific maintenance methods are as follows: 1. Regular cleaning: clean the surface of the antenna regularly to avoid dust, dirt and other effects on signal reception. 2. Regular inspection: regularly check whether the wiring of the antenna is loose, and whether the antenna is damaged, etc., and repair or replace it in time.

    "The Birth of Photovoltaics In 1839, A.E. Becquerel, a 19-year-old French scientist, slowly inserted two platinum electrodes into an acidic solution of silver chloride in his father's laboratory. Unbeknownst to him, the door to the world of photovoltaics was slowly opening with this "wrong" experiment. Measuring the current flowing between these electrodes, he found that the current in the light was slightly higher than the current in the dark; he named this phenomenon the photovoltaic effect. What he did not anticipate was that the small photocurrent he observed in this experiment would bring about a major change in human energy use a century later. In honor of his discovery, the photovoltaic effect is also known as the "Becquerel effect".   After Becquerel's experiments had been dormant for 37 years, British scientist William Grills Adams and his student Richard Evans Day discovered that selenium produces electricity when exposed to light. Although selenium could not provide the electrical energy needed for the electronic components in use at the time, this proved that solid metals could directly convert light into electricity.   In 1883, the American scientist Charles Fritz plated a layer of selenium metal electrode on germanium sheet to establish the first photovoltaic cell. Although it had a conversion efficiency of only 1% and was extremely costly, Fritz was ambitious: "It outputs electricity continuously and steadily, not only in daylight, but also by using scattered light and even dim light...We may soon see photovoltaic panels competing with [coal-fired power plants]! " Unfortunately, his prediction did not come true. He had sent a photovoltaic cell to Siemens, then on par with Edison, who praised his invention. Siemens believed that photovoltaic technology had far-reaching significance in science, and Maxwell, the physics bull of the time, also agreed, as he had made the famous "Maxwell's system of equations" famous in physics. Since then, many scientists have begun to conduct basic research on the photoelectric effect. However, whether it is Siemens or Maxwell, have not been able to crack the secret behind the photovoltaic.   After 24 years of this mystery, a breakthrough was finally achieved by another giant of physics, Albert Einstein, who in 1907 provided a theoretical explanation of the photoelectric effect based on his 1905 quantum hypothesis of the photon. For this, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. between 1912 and 1916, the American experimental physicist Robert Andrews Milliken confirmed Einstein's conjecture on the photoelectric effect through experiments and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1923. With the solid support of theory, the development of photovoltaics began to enter the fast lane.   In 1916, Polish chemist Jan Czeklarski discovered the crystal-pulling process for purifying monocrystalline silicon, and named it the Czeklarski Method after him. This technology did not begin to be practically applied to the manufacture of wafers in the semiconductor manufacturing industry until the 1950s, and with the increasing demand for large-scale semiconductor devices, this process is constantly evolving.   The wheel of history moved forward almost 20 more years when, in 1934, scientists began research on thin-film solar cells and envisioned creating energy self-sufficient systems through solar cells. Experimental data showed that power generation efficiency could be improved by doping the material with metal impurities.   In 1940, U.S. semiconductor expert Russell Orr created the basic structure of the solid-state diode p-n junction, which laid a solid foundation for the invention and manufacture of solar cells, greatly advancing photovoltaic power generation to the industrial field.   In 1953, the American physicist Daryl Chapin, Gerald Pearson and chemist Calvin Sauser Fowler manufactured crystalline silicon solar cells, each about 2 centimeters in size, with a production efficiency of about 4%. Since then, solar cells have gradually made their way into industry. Into industry   On March 17, 1958, the second U.S. artificial satellite used chemical and photovoltaic cells, through the launcher into space. This small satellite laid the foundation for the use of solar cells, which have been gradually developed for space exploration ever since. The value of the extended spacecraft life achieved through batteries far outweighs the high cost of solar cell manufacturing. In addition, solar cells have become cheaper and less risky than radioisotope generators. Today, most spacecraft are equipped with solar cells, and about 1,000 satellites in the world are using photovoltaics to generate electricity. In space, solar cells achieve an output of 220 watts per square meter.   In 1976, the Australian government decided to operate the entire telecommunications network in the outback through photovoltaic cell stations. The establishment and operation of photovoltaic power stations was so successful that it raised confidence in solar technology worldwide.   Since 1980, small unmanned oil drilling platforms in the Gulf of Mexico have been equipped with solar modules and have gradually replaced the large batteries previously used with the advantages of economy and practicality.   Since 1983, the U.S. Coast Guard began to use photovoltaic for its signal lights and navigation lights power supply. At this time, the U.S. share of the global photovoltaic market was about 21%, and the PV market was mainly for stand-alone system solutions.   Since 1990, the Swiss engineer Markus Real has suggested that it makes more economic sense to equip each house with its own photovoltaic system, i.e. to support decentralized energy conversion. He installed 333 3 kW rooftop PV systems in individual buildings in Zurich.   In 1991, Germany launched the 1,000 Roofs program, and the "Feed-in Law" made it mandatory for utility companies to obtain electricity from small renewable energy plants. Solon AG in Berlin and a solar plant in Freiburg were established.   In 1994 and 1997, Japan and the United States launched the Million Roof Program.   In 2010, the total rated power of photovoltaic systems in Germany exceeded 10 gigawatts, and in 2015, the rated power of photovoltaic systems worldwide reached 200 gigawatts.      

Now on the market antennas have four antennas, there are also six antennas, and when we have the need to buy, then often fall into the antenna the more the signal the better the misunderstanding. ‼️ ‼️ [Misconception 1] Buy a router with more antennas. In fact, the number of antennas and the strength of the signal does not have a direct link, the real determining factor is the router's own transmitter power. ‼️ [Misconception 2] Place the router antennas in a uniform direction. Now most of the home router antennas are placed towards the top, but in fact, each antenna will be placed to a different direction, more effective coverage of the signal in the room. ‼️ [Misconception 3] Arbitrary placement of the router location. Usually when TeleSmart engineers come to install the router, they will place the router in the position of the TV cabinet in the living room, if we later move the router to a sheltered corner or a higher position for other reasons, it may affect the signal reception!

The improvement of 5G communication performance does not rely on one technology alone, but requires a variety of technologies to cooperate with each other to jointly realize. The key technologies are roughly divided into two categories: wireless transmission technology and network technology. Large-scale MIMO technology: the base station uses dozens or hundreds of antennas, narrow beams, directional transmission, high gain, anti-interference, and improved spectral efficiency;   Non-orthogonal multiple access technology: NOMA, MUSA, PDMA, SCMA and other non-orthogonal multiple access technologies to further enhance system capacity. Supports uplink non-scheduled transmission, reduces air interface delay, and adapts to low-latency requirements;   Full-duplex communication technology: a physical layer technology that realizes simultaneous same-frequency bidirectional transmission of information through multiple interference elimination, which is expected to exponentially increase the capacity of wireless network;   New modulation technology: filter bank orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, supporting flexible parameter configuration, configuring different carrier intervals according to the need, adapting to different transmission scenarios;   New coding technology: LDPC coding and polar code with high error correction performance;   High-order modulation technology: 1024QAM modulation, improving spectrum efficiency.   Network slicing technology: Based on NFV and SDN technology, network resources are virtualized, providing resources for different services packaged for different users, optimizing end-to-end service experience, and having better security isolation characteristics.   Edge computing technology: Providing carrier-grade computing and storage resources at the edge of the network, localizing service processing, reducing backhaul link compliance, and reducing service transmission delay.   Service-oriented network architecture: The core network of 5G is constructed with service-oriented architecture, with smaller resource granularity, which is more suitable for virtualization. Meanwhile, the service-based interface definition is more open and easy to integrate more services.

European and North American wiring has the following differences: 1. Different voltage levels: 110V or 120V, 60Hz AC system in the United States, while 220V to 240V, 50Hz AC system in Europe.   2. Different standards of use: The Electrical system in the United States uses the standard NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association), In Europe, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard is used.   3. Different wiring: In the United States, non-metallic wire sleeves (NM wire sleeves) are used for size 14 to 10 wires, which include all the cables inside the harness. The way wiring is usually done in Europe is by leading individual cables into boxes, circuit breakers and plugs.   4. Different standards for other electrical equipment: In addition to electrical systems, there are also differences in standards between the United States and Europe for other electrical equipment, such as the shape and size of electrical jacks and plugs.   In general, the electrical system wiring in the United States and Europe is different, mainly due to the voltage level of AC, the standard of use and the type of wire. If you need to use electrical equipment in different areas, you need to carefully understand local standards and regulations, and properly install and connect them.

For high gain directional antennas commonly called a Yagi, they should be pointed so that the long axis of the antenna should be pointed at each other, just like you are looking down the barrel of a gun. The fins should be pointed either vertical or horizontal depending on which way gives you the most amount of clearance. A Yagi antenna should also be pointed so that the largest fins are closest to the mast and the shortest fins pointed at each other. For Omni directional antennas, they should be in most cases pointed directly vertical. That is to say, pointed directly up into the sky. The only time this would not be the case is when both points are at different altitudes along the same vertical plane such as on a wall of a building. In this case, it would be best to have both antennas pointed horizontal as to allow for the radio signal to radiate up and down.

The key components and materials used in the new energy wiring harness may vary depending on the specific design and application. However, some common components and materials used in energy wiring harnesses include:   1. Wiring: High-quality copper or aluminum conductors are typically used for efficient energy transmission.   2. Insulation: Various types of insulating materials, such as PVC (Polyvinyl chloride), TPE (Thermoplastic Elastomer), or XLPE (Cross-linked Polyethylene), are employed to provide electrical insulation and protect against damage.   3. Connectors: Different types of connectors, such as crimp terminals, plugs, sockets, or quick-disconnect terminals, may be utilized to ensure secure electrical connection points.   4. Sleeving: Flexible protective sleeves made of materials like nylon or PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) are often employed to provide additional insulation and abrasion resistance.   5. Shielding: In some cases, electromagnetic shielding using materials like braided copper or aluminum may be incorporated to minimize interference and ensure signal integrity.   6. Mounting and Fastening Components: Clips, brackets, and other fastening mechanisms enable secure and organized installation of the energy wiring harness.   7. Labels and Markings: Identification labels, color-coding, or other markings may be added to the wiring harness for easy identification and maintenance purposes.   8. Protective Sheathing: Heat-resistant or flame-retardant outer sheathing materials, like PVC or TPE, are frequently used to safeguard the wiring harness against environmental factors and potential hazards.   It is important to note that the specific components and materials used can vary, depending on factors such as the intended application, environmental conditions, regulatory requirements, and customer specifications.

1. Coaxial cable assemblies - Coaxial cables consist of a center conductor surrounded by a dielectric insulator, which is in turn surrounded by a conductive shield. These are used for applications that require low-loss transmission of RF signals.   2. Waveguide assemblies - Waveguide assemblies are hollow metallic tubes or channels used to confine and direct RF energy. They are typically used in applications that require high-power transmission, such as radar and satellite communications.   3. Semi-rigid cable assemblies - Semi-rigid cables are typically constructed from a solid outer conductor and a solid or stranded inner conductor. These assemblies offer a high degree of flexibility, making them ideal for applications in tight spaces.   4. Flexible cable assemblies - Flexible cables are constructed from a stranded or braided outer conductor and a stranded inner conductor. These assemblies offer a high degree of flexibility, making them ideal for applications that require frequent movement or bending.   5. Twinax cable assemblies - Twinax cables consist of two inner conductors separated by a dielectric insulator. They are typically used in high-speed data transmission applications, such as Ethernet and fiber-channel. The choice of RF cable assembly type depends on the specific requirements of the application in terms of frequency range, power handling, size, and flexibility, among other factors.   The choice of RF cable assembly type depends on the specific requirements of the application in terms of frequency range, power handling, size, and flexibility, among other factors.

What are the differences between the 433MHz and 868MHz antennas? 1. Frequency: Obviously, these two antennas are for different frequency bands, 433MHz and 868MHz, therefore, their antenna lengths are also different. 2. Wavelength: Due to the different frequency, the wavelength of these two antennas are also different. In 433MHz band, the wavelength is 69.24cm, while in 868MHz band, the wavelength is 34.54cm. 3. System requirements: Due to the difference of frequency and wavelength, the system requirements of these two antennas may also be different. For example, in 868MHz band, the wavelength is shorter, so it is more suitable for small size electronic devices in some application scenarios. 4. Design: Although both antennas are made with spline form of conductor, their designs may be slightly different due to the different wavelengths. For example, for the 868MHz band, the antenna length is shorter, so the design of their antennas needs to be more compact.   When conducting experiments with different node setups, I needed multiple antennas. I found that the information provided on the internet regarding the length of the 868MHz antenna is not accurate, so I have provided the formula for calculating the antenna length for LoRa applications in the 433MHz and 868MHz bands to facilitate a complete understanding of this information. The antenna is typically a conductor in the form of a spline and is connected to the communication module cable via a transmission line. The diameter of the antenna does not affect its effectiveness; the key is that the shape of the antenna must remain in spline form. The length of the antenna is the same as the wavelength used, usually using half or a quarter of the wavelength length. Most LoRa antennas use a 1/4 wavelength.   To calculate the wavelength of the frequency, the formula is 869v/f, where v is the transmission speed and f is the (average) transmission frequency. In a gaseous medium, the transmission velocity v is equal to the speed of light at 299792458 meters per second c. Therefore, the wavelength for the 868 MHz band is 299.792.458/868.000.000 = 34.54 cm, half of which is 17.27 cm and a quarter of which is 8.63 cm. For the 433 MHz band, the wavelength is 299.792.458/433.000.000 = 69.24 cm, half of which is 34.62 cm and a quarter of which is 17.31 cm. This gives a wire length of 8.6 cm is required as an antenna for LoRa applications in the 868 MHz band. The exact length of the antenna is a major factor in the quality of the antenna. Unless the antenna is soldered directly to the LoRa module, any transmission line needs to be a 50 ohm cable with certified connectors to ensure signal quality.

The main difference between 2-wire and 3-wire motor control circuits is that a 2-wire system only provides the ability to turn the motor on and off, while a 3-wire system provides more advanced control features such as start, stop, and reverse.   The additional contacts in a 3-wire system (typically a switch and a relay) allow for more precise control over the motor. The switch interrupts the control circuit while the relay controls the power circuit, providing more advanced control over the motor. A 3-wire motor system can also provide overload protection, which can prevent damage to the motor and its components in the event of an electrical fault.   A dual-wire motor control circuit is designed to offer the advantages of both 2-wire and 3-wire systems. With a dual-wire system, the motor can be switched on and off through a simple switch. However, if more advanced control is required, such as start, stop, or reverse, an additional set of contacts can be added to the circuit to provide this functionality.   The advantages of a dual-wire system are that it is simpler and less expensive than a 3-wire system but provides more control features than a 2-wire system. Additionally, it does not require the use of a relay, making it a more cost-effective option for controlling smaller motors.

Common points: - Both cables are transmission media connecting different devices. - Both cables can transmit signals to transfer audio and video between different devices. Differences: - RF cables are used to transmit high-frequency signals. They are mainly used for wireless communication systems, TV receivers and satellite receivers, while HDMI cables are mainly used to connect HD devices such as high-definition televisions, Blu-ray players and game consoles. - RF cables are usually used for analog signal transmission, HDMI cables are used for digital signal transmission. - RF cables are more complex to connect than HDMI cables, requiring more connectors or adapters, while HDMI cables are simpler, requiring only a plug and socket connection. - RF cables and HDMI cables also have different transmission speeds. Rf cables have slower transmission speeds than HDMI cables, but RF cables are capable of transmitting a greater signal bandwidth, while HDMI cables provide higher resolution and sharper images. To sum up, although both RF cables and HDMI cables are used to transmit signals, their purpose and transmission characteristics are different. Therefore, you need to select an appropriate cable based on the actual scenario and device.

What is commonly used in Europe instead of wire nuts?   In Europe, wire connectors or terminal blocks are commonly used instead of wire nuts. Wire connectors are devices that serve the same purpose as wire nuts, but they work differently. They have a spring inside and a screw or lever for securely clamping the wire.   Terminal blocks, on the other hand, are used to connect multiple wires together in a common circuit, and they consist of multiple screw terminals arranged in a block. This allows for easy connection and disconnection of wires as needed. In Europe, wire connectors and terminals are commonly used in the wiring of buildings and appliances.

What is Private LTE and Private 5G ？ Private LTE and Private 5G are wireless communication networks that are privately owned and operated. These networks use the same LTE and 5G technologies that are used for public cellular networks, but they are dedicated to a specific organization, industry or area. Private LTE and Private 5G provide many benefits such as high-speed data transfer, low latency, high reliability, and secure communication. They can be used in various indust ries including manufacturing, transportation, energy, healthcare, and public safety. Private LTE and Private 5G can be used for various applications such as machine-to-machine communication, automation, remote monitoring, and control. They can also be used for wireless connectivity in areas where public cellular networks are not available or have limited coverage. Private LTE and Private 5G require a significant investment in infrastructure, including base stations, antennas, and network equipment. However, they provide greater control, security, and flexibility than public cellular networks.

        Multi-core single-core conductor means that a single wire contains multiple single-core conductors at the same time. These single-core conductors are wound together to form a wire. Multi-core single-core conductors are commonly used in low-voltage power cables and internal wiring of electrical equipment to transmit power and signals. In some industrial control and robotics applications, multi-core single-core wires are more convenient and economical than using multiple single-core wires individually, due to the need to connect and separate different signals and power supplies. In addition, multi-core single-core conductors are also commonly used in audio and video equipment to transmit audio and video signals. Multi-core single-core conductor has a variety of specifications and uses, you can choose the appropriate type according to different needs.     The manufacturing process of multi-core single-core conductor mainly includes the following steps: 1. Pretreatment of copper and aluminum materials: pretreatment of copper and aluminum bars by processing and hot cracking, so that the original metal materials meet the requirements of physical and mechanical properties. 2. Single-core wire manufacturing: according to the specified standards and production requirements, the copper and aluminum bar is drawn and processed into a fixed-diameter copper and aluminum single-core wire in the wire making machine. 3. Tape assembly: Group, twist and wind the single conductor according to the specified quantity, structure and electrical characteristics. 4. Stranding: Group the wire stranding machine, wind the good single-core wire, strengthen and bind in accordance with the provisions of the stranding way. 5. Wrapping: Wrap the outer insulation layer as required for insulation treatment, and print the production batch, factory name, label and other related specifications on the surface. 6. Inspection: Put the insulated multi-core single-core conductor into the inspection table to test the mechanical strength, electrical performance and other indicators of its conductor, insulation layer and insulation parts. 7. Packaging: According to the regulations, the multi-core and single-core conductor shall be packaged and stored or transported directly according to the production batch, engineering project, etc. The above is the general manufacturing process of multi-core single-core wire. The manufacturing process and process of different manufacturers may vary.  

A solar cable is the interconnection cable used in photovoltaic power generation. Solar cables interconnect solar panels and other electrical components of a photovoltaic system. Solar cables are designed to be UV resistant and weather resistant. They can be used within a large temperature range.   Specific performance requirements for material used for wiring a solar panel installation are given in national and local electrical codes which regulate electrical installations in an area. General features required for solar cables are resistance to ultraviolet light, weather, temperature extremes of the area and insulation suitable for the voltage class of the equipment. Different jurisdictions will have specific rules regarding grounding (earthing) of solar power installations for electric shock protection and lightning protection.

The full name of SMA is Small A Type. It is a typical microwave high frequency connector. The highest frequency used is 18GHz. In the design of radio frequency circuits, SMA connectors are often added to the circuit for input and output signals. SMA connectors are the most common connectors in radio frequency circuits. SMA overview SMA, a common antenna interface: SMA is the abbreviation of Sub-Miniature-A. The full name of the antenna interface of SMA should be SMA inverse male. ). The wireless devices with this interface are the most popular. APs with more than 70%, wireless routers and wireless network cards with more than 90% PCI interfaces all use this interface. This interface is moderate in size, and there are also devices such as handheld walkie-talkies. Many of them are of this type, but the needles and tubes inside are opposite to the wireless devices. Wireless APs and wireless routers using this interface include most of the civilian equipment. TP-LINK, DLINK, Netgear, Belkin and other brands, as long as the antenna is detachable, basically use this interface. The antenna interface of SMA should be SMA, and SMA and RP-SMA are different. There are many types of SMA. One difference in polarity is called "SMA" and the other is called "RP-SMA". The difference between them is: the standard SMA is: "external thread + hole", "internal thread + needle" ", RP-SMA is: "external thread + needle", "internal thread + hole". SMA antenna interface The full name of the antenna interface of SMA should be the SMA inverse male connector, which is the antenna connector. The equipment is the most popular. APs with more than 70[%], wireless routers, and wireless network cards with more than 90[%] PCI interfaces all use this interface. This interface is moderate in size, and many handheld walkie-talkies and other devices are of this type. , But the needle and tube inside are opposite to the wireless device. SMA connector type The new generation of meters are equipped with SMA connectors or corresponding SMA adapters. The quality of SMA connectors is also different. From the perspective of the impact on signal quality, a good SMA connector provides a good standing wave ratio, which has low signal reflection and can effectively transmit signals. There are many types of SMA connectors. From the connection of the interface, there are male and female (or male or female). In terms of connection, some can be directly inserted on the side of the PCB. If it is inconvenient to insert on the side, it can be inserted on the top of the PCB. The middle is the signal, and the surrounding four pins are ground. There are also screws fixed, mainly used for the side wall connection of the radio frequency circuit with a shielding box. There are four screws and two.

Wire harness is also known as cable harness. We say that veins is to human as wires is to electrical systems such as in power generation, signal transmissions and distribution systems. Wire harness is an assembly of wires that transmit electrical signals, in which the wires are clipped or bundled together with ties, laces, tape or a conduit strung together. The reliance of electricity on wires and cables as a form of transport is very critical. Achieving a reliant and effective transport of electricity from one point to another (eg. power generation to consumer) in a cost-effective, sustainable, easy and space-saving manner using safe, compliant raw materials is an objective that Scondar has accomplished by their expertise in research and development of electronic wires, connectors and cable assemblies. We can see wire harness anywhere; such as in automotive systems, on motorbikes, home appliances. They are present whenever we need electrical cabling and wire harnessing and that is where Scondar provides your specific wire-to-board, board-to-board and board-in connectors with specialized and safe harness to suit your need.

RY Electronics has over 10 years of experience designing and manufacturing custom cable assemblies and antennas in large or small volumes depending on your needs. Our manufacturing facilities can build just about many types of custom cable assembly(LVDS cable/Flat cable/RF cable/wire harness) as well as GPS/WIFI/ISM/GSM/3G/4G antenna and RF connectors. Our advantages: 1. Quality control:most of products have UL CE ROHS, certificate. ISO9001:2008. 2. Low MOQ:5pcs/10pcs/20pcs/50pcs,depends on different items. 3. Fast Delivery Time :2~15 days, On-Time Delivery. 4. Good After-Sales Service: we could offer technical support or return service in short time. 5. 1 Year Warranty. 6. OEM/ODM service. 7. We are available with Trade Assurance, you'll enjoy: •100% product quality protection •100% on-time shipment protection •100% payment protection for your covered amount  

Ceramic Antenna Is An Important Part Of The Navigation System, Because It Is Used Most. Some Manufacturers Cut Corners In Order To Make Profits, Which Leads To Poor Reception Signal And Low Reliability Of Many Ceramic Antennas. So How Should We Buy Ceramic Antenna In The Market? In Fact, It'S Similar To The Tips For Purchasing GPS Antenna We Mentioned Last Time. Here Are Some Tips For Purchasing Ceramic Antenna From RY Manufacturer   Tip 1: Most Ceramic Antennas Are Made Of Ceramic Materials, Low Noise Signal Amplifiers, Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Cables And Connectors, So The Selection Of Components Is Very Important.   Skill 2: The Stability Of Ceramic Antenna, That Is To Say, When Choosing Ceramic Antenna, We Should Choose One With Strong Anti Electromagnetic Interference, In Order To Prevent Everyone From Bumping, High Temperature And Electromagnetic Interference To Ceramic Antenna During Driving, So We Must Pay Attention To The Stability When Choosing.   Tip 3: When Purchasing Ceramic Antenna, Although We Don'T Need To Choose The Brand As The Purchase Option, We Only Choose LNA For Internal Use, But Now There Are Many Ceramic Antenna Manufacturers, And Some Products Are Inferior In Quality; Therefore, When Choosing A Manufacturer, We Should Not Only Choose Products With Guaranteed Quality, But Also Consider After-Sales Service.   Tip 4: Also Pay Attention To Distinguish Module Level, Ceramic Antenna Module Can Be Divided Into Two Levels, Namely Civil And Industrial, Industrial Performance Is Very Stable, But The Price Will Be More Expensive, Civil Module Environmental Adaptability Will Be Poor, The Price Will Be Cheap, So You Can Choose According To Your Own Needs To Choose High Cost-Effective Module.   Have You Learned How To Choose Ceramic Antenna? In Addition To The Above, It Is Also Very Important For Us To Choose A Strong Manufacturer, Because There Are Many Manufacturers Of Navigation Antenna. If We Choose The Wrong One, The Natural Effect Of The Product We Buy Is Not As Good As The Genuine One, So We Must Choose Carefully.

Automotive Wiring Harness Is Also Known As The "Blood Vessel" Of A Car, Which Is Usually Called The Central Nervous System Of A Car. The Design Of Automotive Wiring Harness Plays A Very Important Role In The Whole Vehicle. It Is Of Great Significance To Study The Quality Control Points In The Manufacturing Process Of Automobile Wiring Harness For Improving The Qualification Rate And Reliability Of The Whole Vehicle. There Are Four Steps In The Main Process Of Automobile Wire Harness Production: Offline Crimping Pre Assembly Final Assembly. The Production Process For Different Production Processes, Formulate The Corresponding Standardized Operation Specification, So That The Quality Of The Harness Products Can Be Effectively Guaranteed.   Off Line Technology Off Line (Known As Stripping Head) Refers To Stripping The Insulation Skin On The Wire According To The Requirements Of The Operation Instruction, And The Length Should Meet The Requirements. Good Stripping Requires That The Wire Type, Diameter, Color, Length, Stripping Length And Appearance Meet The Requirements. Precautions During Stripping: ① The Stripping Length Meets The Requirements; ② The Section Of Insulating Skin Is Uniform; ③ The Wire Core Is Not Cut Or Injured, And The Wire Core Is Not Scattered Or Twisted; ④ There Is No Loose Wire In The Core; ⑤ The Wire Core Is Not Oxidized And Blackened. If The Wire Core Is Oxidized And Blackened, It Is Easy To Cause Virtual Connection. After Stripping, The Wires Shall Be Bundled Into Bundles According To A Certain Number, And Each Stripping Head Shall Be Provided With A Protective Cover, So As To Prevent The Wire Core From Branching Or Scattering. It Shall Be Placed On The Wire Rack, And The Handling Process Shall Be Reduced As Far As Possible. In The Production Process, Some Companies Do Not Take Necessary Protective Measures After Stripping, Or Improper Protective Measures Are Easy To Cause The Core Scattered, Forked, Twisted Or Broken. As A Result, It Is Difficult To Operate And The Quality Of Crimping Is Poor.   The Crimping Crimping Process Of Terminal Is The Most Important Part In The Whole Process Of Wire Harness Production. The Wire Type, Specification, Color, Terminal Specification And Crimping Dimension On The Process Card Must Be Carefully Checked For Crimping. It Is Particularly Important To Check The Quality Of This Link. The Quality Of Terminal Crimping Is Mainly Guaranteed By Crimping Die On Crimping Equipment And Equipment. In Terminal Crimping, The Wire Stripping Head Shall Be Positioned Instead Of Visual Assurance By Operators. After The Crimping Is Completed, To Ensure The Mechanical And Electrical Performance Of The Terminal, Pull Off Force Test Must Be Conducted To Check The Crimping Inspection Of Crimping Terminal Of Crimping Quality Terminal ① Appearance Inspection: The First Piece Inspection Must Be Conducted For Terminal Crimping, And 3-5 Pieces Of First Piece Shall Be Taken For Judgment. Whether The Visual Terminal Crimping Appearance Is Good; Whether There Is Leakage Of Wire Wire; Whether The Wire Is Broken Or The Insulation Layer Is Pierced Or Cut. Whether The Insulation Layer And Wire Are Closely Connected With The Terminal, Whether They Are In The Specified Area ② Pull Force Test: The Pull-Out Force Test Mainly Tests The Tightness Of The Combination Of The Terminal And The Harness. Through The Pull Off Force Test, Confirm Whether The Maximum Pulling Force Meets The Requirements. Normal Batch Production Can Only Be Carried Out After The Pull Force Test Meets The Requirements. The First Piece Must Be Kept To Ensure Subsequent Traceability. In The Process Of Terminal Crimping, Many Enterprises Pursue Speed, And Think That The Faster The Operator Crimp Terminal, The Better, To Measure The Performance Of Employees. This Is Not Desirable. Korean Enterprises Have Made Clear That Crimping Terminals Cannot Exceed A Certain Speed, Because Only In Such A Speed And State, The Quality And Qualification Rate Of Crimping Terminals Are The Best.   Pre Assembly Process Insert The Wire Of Crimped Terminal Into The Connector Hole According To The Sequence And Method Specified In The Process. Or Insert The Waterproof Bolt Into The Connector Hole. Key Points: Before Subpackage, Carefully Check The Type Of Sheath And Wire Specified On The Process Card, And Check The Quality Of Sheath, Wire And Terminal Crimping. If The Material Or Semi-Finished Product Is Unqualified, Subpackage Is Not Allowed. The Terminal Must Be Inserted In Place And Flat, That Is, The Top Of The Terminal Is On The Same Plane Without Skew And Deformation. If The Assembly Is Not In Place, The Wire Will Fall Out Of The Plug Box In The Subsequent Process. Therefore, During The Assembly Process, Pull Back To Confirm Whether The Terminal Is Completely Inserted Into The Plug-In Box. The Quality Standard Is As Follows: ① The Hole Position Of The Terminal Must Meet The Hole Position Requirements Of The Sub Assembly Drawing - The Hole Position Arrangement Is Seen From The Terminal Insertion Direction; ② The Plug-In Terminal Must Be Implemented According To The Three Steps Of "Push", "Listen" And "Pull", So As To Ensure That The Terminal Is In Place And Will Not Exit. In Particular, It Is Necessary To Pull Back After Inserting The Terminal. If The Terminal Does Not Withdraw After Pulling Back, It Means That The Terminal Is Inserted In Place. ③ The Appearance Of The Terminal After Inserting Must Be Neat And In Place, Without Deflection. ④ The Wire Led Out After The Sheath Must Be Smooth, Without Obvious Length Difference, Which May Cause Single Stress   Assembly Process The General Assembly Process Is To Assemble The Clip According To The Process Requirements, Bind And Wind The Sheathed Wire On The Assembly Plate To Form A Special Wire Harness. Matters Needing Attention In General Assembly: ① Assembly Error Of Hole Position (Also Known As Wrong Wiring), Which Is The Most Serious Error In Assembly And Affects The Safety Of Use (Key Points And Quality Requirements In Each Process Of Harness Production). ② Attention Should Be Paid To Wrong And Missing Assembly In Harness Assembly Process. If Wrong And Missing Assembly Can Not Be Found In Time, It Will Cause A Large Number Of Repair Work And Secondary Injury Of Harness. There Are Few Clips In The Wiring Harness, Which Makes It Impossible To Assemble When Loading. The Wrong Position Of The Harness Clip, Resulting In Unable To Load. ③ The Harness Is Not Wound Or Tightly Wound, Resulting In Loose Wires And Missing Wires. In The Assembly Process Of The Whole Vehicle Harness, The Harness Is Scratched, And The Single Wire Is Too Large, Which Eventually Leads To The Damage Of The Harness. ④ If The Harness Has A Bifurcation, The Direction Of The Harness Must Be Smoothed, And Then It Is Bound Or Wound. Otherwise, In The Process Of Loading, It Is Easy To Cause The Wiring Harness To Be Twisted, Or The Size Is Not Enough, The Force On The Buckle Or Fixed Point Is Too Large, Resulting In The Damage Of The Fixed Point, The Final Abnormal Noise, Or The Abrasion Of The Wiring Harness. ⑤ The Tail Of The Retained Part Should Be 5 ~ 15mm After Cutting The Binding Belt, And There Should Be No Sharp Corners; ⑥ After The Wiring Harness Is Assembled, It Shall Be Hung On The Wire Rack. The Wire Rack Shall Be Made Reasonably. The Wire Harness Shall Not Be Dragged On The Ground, Causing The Sheath Or Terminal To Be Scratched Or Trampled, Causing Damage.   Final Inspection After The Wiring Harness Is Assembled, It Is Necessary To Carry Out Power On Inspection And Appearance Dimension Inspection. First Of All, Power On Inspection Is To Plug And Connect The Sheaths And Connectors Of The Wiring Harness With The Detection Equipment. After The Connection Is In Place, The Equipment Will Automatically Enter Each Line For Judgment. There Are Pre Input Detection Procedures For Each Type Of Wiring Harness In The Equipment. After All The Wires Are Qualified, The Equipment Will Display 0k. If There Is A Fault In A Certain Branch Line, The Equipment Display Will Display In Different Colors, And The Inspectors Will Check And Repair According To The Equipment Prompts, And Then Carry Out The Test Again. Until All Qualified. Do Not Pull The Harness Savagely To Avoid Damage. The Unqualified Products Shall Be Marked With Red Tape And Put In The Special Unqualified Product Box Or The Designated Trailer To The Designated Repairman For Repair. Power On Inspection Must Be 100% Inspection. Secondly, The Appearance And Size Inspection. The Appearance Dimension Inspection Is Placed After The Power On Inspection, Mainly Because The Terminal Connector On The Power On Inspection Equipment Of Some Enterprises Is Damaged, Which May Cause The Pin On The Harness To Be Damaged, Skewed, Fallen Off And Broken. Appearance Inspection Shall Start From The End Of The Line, And Shall Be Conducted One By One Along One Direction To Avoid Omission. Check Whether The Pins In Each Sheath Are Skewed Or Uneven, Whether The Coarse And Close Winding Of The Thread Are Qualified, Whether The Waterproof Bolt Falls Off, Whether It Is Assembled In Place, And Whether The Buckle Is Loose. Once Found Unqualified, It Is Necessary To Label The Unqualified Place, Write The Unqualified Mode, And Place It In The Unqualified Product Area For Rework. Finally, The Dimension Inspection Is Mainly To Place The Harness On The Inspection Tool, Position The Harness, Check Whether The Position Of Each Clip Is Within The Specified Range, Whether The Harness Length Meets The Requirements, And Whether The Length Of Each Branch Meets The Requirements. After The Inspection Is Qualified, The Qualified Label Shall Be Pasted And The Packing And Warehousing Shall Be Carried Out

What Is The Internal Structure Of Ceramic Antenna?   Ceramic Antenna, As An Antenna For Receiving Satellite Signals, Is Fixed On The Circuit Board Of Electronic Devices. Because Its Reading Distance Is Relatively Short, It Is Also Called Short-Range Antenna. It Transforms The Electromagnetic Wave Energy Of Satellite Receiving Radio Signals Into The Current That Can Be Absorbed By The Electronic Devices Of The Receiver. What Is Its Internal Structure Composed Of? Let'S Listen To The Technology Of RY Manufacturer What Did The Surgeon Say 1. Input Components The Radiation Component Is Connected With The Connection Between The First Side And The Second End, And The Outer Edge Of The Radiation Component Is Also Electrically Connected And Extends To The Second Side Of The Ceramic Antenna.   2. Carrier The Ceramic Antenna Has A First Side And A Second Side, And A Second End And A Second End Connected With The First And Second Sides; In Addition, The Carrier Is Provided With A Penetrating Perforation, So The First Metal Pattern Is Arranged At The Hole Edge Of The First Side.   3. Radiation Components The Ceramic Antenna Is Attached To The First Side Of The Carrier, And The Ceramic Antenna Has An Outer Edge Part.   4. Ground Assembly The Radiation Component Is Connected With The Connection Between The First Side And The Second End, And The Outer Edge Of The Component Is Electrically Connected And Extends To The Second Side Of The Ceramic Antenna.   5. Fixed Needle The Fixed Pin Passes Through The Through Hole Of The Circuit Board And Is Fixed With The Circuit Board After The Perforation Through The Carrier.   The Internal Structure Of Ceramic Antenna Is Composed Of Circuit Board, Carrier, Radiation Component, Grounding Component, Input Component And Fixed Pin, Which Has The Characteristics Of Stable Performance And Good Anti-Interference Performance.

Antenna quality control From single polarization antenna, dual polarization antenna to smart antenna, MIMO antenna and large-scale array antenna, mobile communication antenna has undergone great changes. As a sensing organ of mobile communication network, its position in the network is becoming more and more complex, and it is more and more important. For example, more than 40% of network failures are caused by antenna system. The quality of antenna system will lead to poor coverage performance or interference. As a complex passive product, antenna is difficult to monitor in the network. Antenna system is problematic The performance of the network is various, such as the network coverage performance is obviously decreased, intermodulation interference is more and more serious, and VSWR worsens when the air humidity is too high. It is urgent to improve the antenna quality.   1. Stability - the ability of a product to maintain its characteristics constant over time, usually the ability of a product to remain unchanged over time. The stability and reliability of the product are inseparable. The reliability of antenna performance is judged by the coincidence degree of index curves before and after reliability test. (1) Radiation parameters are not sensitive to process and circuit, while circuit parameters are sensitive to circuit and process. In production process, especially many times of debugging, it is easy to influence circuit parameters; (2) Among the circuit parameters, the intermodulation is too small, and it is not suitable for statistical evaluation because of its high sensitivity to test methods, testing equipment and environment; (3) The circuit parameters are low in requirement for the test site, and can be tested on site. Radiation parameters require high reflection and shielding characteristics of the test site, and can not be tested on site.   Therefore, it is suggested to select the ratio of standing wave and isolation degree of circuit parameters as the stability characterization parameters of antenna performance.   2. Reliability - generally, the reliability of a product refers to the ability or possibility of components, products, systems to perform specified functions without failure in a certain period of time and under certain conditions. Reliability of products can be evaluated by reliability, inefficiency, average fault free interval, etc. Environmental reliability refers to the ability of products to complete the specified functions under the specified conditions and within the specified time. In the process of design and application, the products are constantly subjected to the influence of their own and external climate and mechanical environment, but still need to be able to work normally, which requires the verification of them with test equipment. Reliability includes three factors: durability, maintainability and design reliability. The reliability of design is the key to determine the quality of the product. In the design, the usability and operability of the product must be fully considered, which is the requirement of an excellent antenna product designer. The reliability test of antenna products is an important means to investigate, analyze and evaluate the reliability of antenna products. It includes high and low temperature test, rain test, vibration test, impact test, collision test, vehicle transportation test, wind load test, ice taking test and power test. The reliability of antenna structure can be tested by environmental test.   3. Consistency - refers to the consistency of the parameters of the same antenna product. In a word, antenna belongs to the passive product with broadband and low Q value, and will not be restored after the material structure is damaged during reliability test. The frequency change caused by thermal expansion and contraction of materials during high and low temperature test is ignored. The change of test index after comparison test is enough to reflect the stability of electrical performance index, and it is not necessary to test the index during reliability test. The intermodulation index of antenna is sensitive to the manufacturing process and structural stability. Dynamic test can be adopted to verify the product stability indirectly. The reliability, stability and consistency of antenna have important influence on mobile communication network. It is important to measure and control these performances before antenna products enter the network. The key is to identify key parameters and sensitivity in the process of antenna design to control the risks in large-scale production. Risk points can be realized by the parameter analysis of full wave simulation, but many parameters are often coupled with each other, which makes it difficult to identify their own independent sensitivity. This difficulty can be solved by feature model analysis. We have done comparative study, and the sensitive parameters in the feature mode gap are consistent with the sensitivity of the parameters in the real full wave analysis and test. The information obtained from feature model analysis can help to identify key information, so as to improve machining accuracy or protect necessary in key places, so as to ensure consistency and stability.

1. RY Electronics has over 10 years of experience designing and manufacturing custom cable assemblies optical fibers cable and antennas router in large or small volumes depending on your needs. 2. Our manufacturing facilities can build just about many types of custom cable assembly(LVDS cable/Flat cable/RF cable/wire harness) as well as GPS/WIFI/ISM/GSM/3G/4G antenna and RF connectors.   3. Quality is important for us and for the customer, the client’s demand is more supreme. We create an easier, less costly and extremely satisfactory way of business. Striving to achieve improving results through our continuous innovating and technical engineer’s effort, we create values to turn the antenna / Cable / Harness to your exact demand. 4. We guarantee every antenna / Cable / Harness we offered must be tested by network analyzer / Precision Low Voltage Wire Tester to ensure the perfect quality before delivery. Cooperated with many overseas clients from over twenty countries, we will be your ideal OEM/ODM partner.

RG174 coaxial cable meets the standard: M17 / 119-rg174, the maximum working frequency: dc-1ghz, RG174 / u is used to provide high-speed, high-precision data transmission, common applications include security systems, computer networks, access control and home automation applications, rg-174 coaxial cable is often used to connect wireless devices and antennas in wireless networks, and is also often used in automotive wiring harness.   RG174 Cable Specification:   RG174 Coaxial Cable/RG174 同轴电缆 RG174 Coax Construction/RG174 同轴电缆结构 OD/直径 (mm) Conductor/导体: 7/0.16 Bare Copper-Clad Steel (BCCS)/裸铜包钢 0.48 Dielectric/绝缘体: Polyethylene (PE) /聚乙烯 1.52 Shield/屏蔽层: Tinned Copper (TC)/镀锡铜 1.93 Jacket/护套: Polyvinylchloride (PVC)/聚氯乙烯 2.80 RG 174 Cable Physical Characteristics/RG 174 电缆物理特性 Weight per/重量100m: 1.19kg Minimum bend radius/最小弯曲半径: 25mm Operating temperature range/工作温度范围: －40℃ to +75℃ RoHS compliance/符合RoHS: 2011/65/EU (RoHS) RG-174 Cable Electrical Characteristics/RG-174 电缆电气特性 Impedance/阻抗: 50 +/- 2 ohms Capacitance/电容: 101 pF/m. max Maximum voltage/最大电压: 1100 Volts Velocity of propagation/速率: 66 % Operating Frequency/工作频率: 1 GHz Screening effectiveness/屏蔽效率 ≥ 40 dB (up to 1 GHz) Insulation resistance/绝缘电阻: ≥ 1 x 108 MΩm Max. operating voltage/最大工作电压 ≤ 0.85 kVrms (at sea level) RG174 Attenuation/RG174 衰减: Freq/频率(MHz) Typical/典型值(dB/m) Max. CW power/功率 最大值 100 0.276 117 400 0.623 59 700 0.886 44 1000 1.12 37

Rg179 coaxial cable meets the standard: M17 / 94-rg179, maximum working frequency: DC-3GHz, good anti electromagnetic interference and flexibility, not only light weight, but also high temperature resistance, moisture resistance, corrosion resistance and other characteristics, shielding, attenuation, standing wave and other indicators have excellent electrical performance. It is widely used in communication, aviation, intelligent robot, military and other fields.   RG179 Coax Construction/RG179 同轴电缆结构 OD/直径 (mm) Conductor/导体: 7/0.12 Silver-coated Copper Clad Steel (SCCS)/镀银铜包钢 0.31 Dielectric/绝缘体: Extruded Solid Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/聚四氟乙烯 1.55 Shield/屏蔽层: Silver Plated Copper (SPC)/镀银铜 2.0 Jacket/护套: Extruded Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP)/聚全氟乙烯 2.54 RG 179 Cable Physical Characteristics/RG 179 电缆物理特性 Weight per/重量100m: 1.5kg Minimum bend radius/最小弯曲半径: 15mm Operating temperature range/工作温度范围: －65℃ to +165℃ RoHS compliance/符合RoHS: 2011/65/EU (RoHS) RG-179 Cable Electrical Characteristics/RG-179 电缆电气特性 Impedance/阻抗: 75 +/- 2 ohms Capacitance/电容: 63 pF/m. max Maximum voltage/最大电压: 1200 Volts Velocity of propagation/速率: 69 % Operating Frequency/工作频率: 3 GHz Screening effectiveness/屏蔽效率 ≥ 41 dB (up to 1 GHz) Insulation resistance/绝缘电阻: ≥ 1 x 108 MΩm Max. operating voltage/最大工作电压 ≤ 0.75 kVrms (at sea level) RG179 Attenuation/RG179 衰减: Freq/频率(MHz) Typical/典型值(dB/m) Max. CW power/功率 最大值 150 0.30 297 600 0.631 148 1000 0.856 112 1500 1.05 94 2000 1.25 82 3000 1.65 66  

Hello,Beautiful Day Happy New Year How Are You ? Our Company Can Produce Antenna / Cable / Harness / Connector Welcome To Consult With Me.

Dear Customers:   Hello ！   Thank you for your long-term support and cooperation. Here, all the staff of Zhangjiagang RY Electronic CO.,LTD would like to express their sincere thanks! Due to the needs of our business development and the expansion of the company's scale, the company will move to a new office address from October 25. The specific contact information is attached.   We apologize for the inconvenience! Our company will take this relocation as a new starting point, wholeheartedly provide more satisfactory service and cooperation for your respected customers, and thank you again for your long-term support and attention!   New office address: F5,Building8, changshunchuanggu, jinfeng,Zhangjiagang 215624,China   Tel: 0086-512-58935469   Mob:0086-13405295160   Welcome to Visit  

Share Common RV, AVR, BVR, RVV Wire Specifications, Very Comprehensive Wire Specification Chart RV wire specification, general purpose single core flexible conductor sheathless cable AVR wire specification, copper core PVC insulated flexible wire for installation BVR wire specification, copper core PVC insulated flexible cable RVV wire specification, 227IEC53 (RVV) RY electronics is a wire harness processing factory for 10 years, always regards quality as the first life of the enterprise, and always adheres to the leading technology and brand strategy. Now we have passed the iso9001:2015 certification. We will continue to adhere to the "customer-oriented, market-oriented" purpose, constantly face the future, and with the mind of occupying the world, welcome guests from all over the world.

General Provisions: Connection list 1.) The connection list is an explanatory table for wiring harness connection, wire specification and path description. The height of the table is 8.5mm, and the width of the table from left to right is as follows: wire number column width 21mm, wire diameter column width 16mm, &; The width of color column is 16mm, the width of starting column is 16mm, the width of hole position column is 16mm, the width of terminal bar is 40mm, the width of sealing ring column is 16mm, the width of hole position column is 16mm, the width of terminal bar is 40mm, the width of sealing ring column is 40mm, and the width of remark column is 40mm remarks: 1. Wire number: the address mark of wire, which can be letters (up to 2 digits), numbers (up to 2 digits) or their combination. When it is an alphanumeric combination, the letter must be placed at the beginning. 2. Line diameter: the cross-sectional area of a wire. 3. Color: conductor color: G green, R red, y yellow, Br brown, b black, l blue, GR gray, P pink, LG light green, V purple, O orange, w White, for details, refer to QC / t414. 4. Start point: where the wire starts from. 5. Hole location: the position of the wire in the starting plug-in. 6. Terminal number: matches the terminal number of the plug-in 7. Seal ring: match the seal ring number of the plug-in 8. End point: wire to shell plug-in termination. 9. Note: wire type The line type of this item adopts the specified level 0 and the font size is 4 HZ.txt 。   Connector drawing method of connectors The view direction of connector is shown in Fig. 1. The wiring harness drawing only draws the physical object a-direction view to show the plug-in hole location, wire number and positioning pin, and the line type adopts the specified layer 4; the internal wire code adopts the specified layer 4, and the font adopts the No. 2 HZ.txt The hole location shall be defined according to the hole number of the electrical terminal or the harness plug-in. If it is not available, the plug-in number shall be numbered from left to right as shown in Figure 1.  

1. Planar antenna loaded ceramic   The dielectric coefficient of ceramic is high and the loss is small, which can bring gain compared with air medium Therefore, microwave ceramics with high dielectric and low loss are used to make antennas.   2. The gain keeping of four arm helical configuration when space position changes   No matter how it is placed, the gain drop is small. Its development also evolved from air medium to ceramic medium        

GPS and Beidou antennas can be manufactured by different technologies. Generally, plane structure is used in civil systems. For example, in mobile phones, most of them adopt linear polarization, while in military systems, 3D structure of circular polarization is used to adapt to the installation environment where terminal position changes dramatically.   The comparison of antenna performance involves many factors. It is recognized that the best antenna in the industry is a four arm spiral antenna loaded with high dielectric ceramics. The corresponding process is also very complex. Here we recommend a new manufacturing process: 3D printing technology (additive manufacturing technology). Its 3D GPS antenna is the best in cost performance.   一. Several Antenna Objects Among them, the volume of 3D hilber antenna is the smallest (8x8x8mm), and the area of ceramic antenna is the largest (30mmx30mm)   (1) The actual test data show that the 3D Hilbert antenna is 5 times smaller than the ceramic plane antenna, but the receiving signal amplitude and the number of receiving stars are almost the same.   (2) Compared with the other three antennas, the gain of 3D antenna is more than 3 dB better than that of planar antenna.   The radiation direction of the planar GPS antenna is simulated as shown in the figure. The blue and red boundaries are clear and the signal amplitude changes dramatically. The four arm helix antenna is composed of two groups of helix, which forms a pair of orthogonal antenna combinations in space. The space radiation is superposed into the heart type. No matter how the antenna shakes, it has 3dB more gain than the 2D antenna. It is recognized as the best performance antenna in the industry, so is the actual test!  

polarization The radiation field of antenna consists of electric field and magnetic field. These fields are always at right angles. The electric field determines the polarization direction of the wave. When a wire antenna extracts energy from the passing radio waves, the maximum electric field will be generated when the antenna direction is the same as the electric field direction.   The oscillation of electric field can be unidirectional (linear polarization), or the oscillation direction of electric field can rotate with wave propagation (circular polarization or elliptical polarization).   Linear polarization The receiving antennas installed vertically and horizontally receive vertical and horizontal polarization waves respectively. Because the antenna cannot receive signals with different polarization, the change of polarization will cause the change of received signal level. There are mainly two kinds of polarization surfaces:   In the vertical polarization wave, the electric field direction is vertical. In the horizontally polarized wave, the electric field direction is horizontal.   Linear polarization can receive signals from all planes except for two orthogonal polarizations. When a single wire antenna is used to receive radio waves, the energy received by the receiving antenna is the largest when the electric field direction is the same, so the vertical antenna is used to receive the vertical polarization wave efficiently, and the horizontal antenna is used to receive the horizontal polarization wave.   Circular polarization Circular polarization refers to the 360 degree rotation of electric field in every RF energy cycle. Circular polarization is caused by two 90 ° phase-shifting receivers and two 90 ° plane polarized antennas. Since the intensity of the wave is usually measured by the electric field intensity (volts, millivolts or microvolts per meter), the electric field is chosen as the reference field.   In some cases, the direction of the electric field is not constant. Therefore, as the wave propagates in space, the magnetic field rotates. Under these conditions, the horizontal and vertical components of the field exist, and the wave has elliptical polarization. Circular polarization includes right-handed circular polarization and left-handed circular polarization. The circularly polarized wave is reflected by a spherical raindrop opposite to the transmitted wave. When receiving, the antenna will reject the wave in the opposite direction of circular polarization, so as to minimize the detection of raindrops.   Because the aircraft target is different from rain, it is not spherical, so the reflection of the target has an important component in the sense of original polarization. Therefore, the intensity of the target signal will be enhanced relative to the raindrop target.   In order to absorb the maximum energy from electromagnetic field, the receiving antenna must be on the same polarization plane. If the antenna with different polarization direction is used, considerable loss will be generated, and the actual loss is between 20 and 30 dB.   When strong air clutter appears, air traffic controllers tend to turn on the circularly polarized antenna. In this case, the hiding effect of air clutter on the target will be reduced.

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Wire Harness : Wire used to connect two or more components to transmit current or signal. It can simplify the assembly process of electronic products, be easy to maintain and upgrade, and improve the flexibility of design. High speed and digitalization of signal transmission, integration of various types of signal transmission, miniaturization of product volume, surface pasting of contact termination, modular combination, plug-in convenience, etc. Used for internal connection of all kinds of home appliances, testing instruments, equipment, computers and network equipment. Industrial Wiring Harness: it mainly refers to some electronic wires, multi-core wires and cables with components in the cabinet, which are mostly used in industrial cabinets such as UPS, PLC, CP, frequency converter, monitoring, air conditioning, wind energy, etc Automobile Wire Harness: is the main network of automobile circuit, also known as low-voltage cable. The conventional automobile harness products have the characteristics of heat resistance, oil resistance, cold resistance and so on; at the same time, it is full of softness. It is used for internal connection of automobile and can adapt to high mechanical strength and high temperature environment LVDS Cable: Low Voltage Differential Signal,It is a new technology that can satisfy the application of high performance data transmission. Compared with other competitive technologies, the power consumption of LVDS line is much smaller when providing high data rate. The data rate of products using LVDS line technology can be from hundreds of Mbps to more than 2gbps. It has been widely used in many LCD screens which require speed and low power consumption.

Standard Model Of Electronic Harness： UL electronic wire is the general designation of UL certified electronic wire, which is the UL electronic harness meeting the environmental protection requirements under the EU ROHS standard. It is generally used in weak current engineering, such as internal wiring of electronic and electrical equipment. Certification of low smoke and halogen-free electronic wire standards: mainly UL underwriter Laboratories Inc. UL safety test institute is the most authoritative organization in the United States, and also a large non-governmental organization engaged in safety test and appraisal in the world. The commonly used wire models of UL electronic harness include: ul1007 electronic wire, ul764 electronic wire, ul1015 electronic wire, ul1032 / 1028 electronic wire, ul1095 electronic wire, ul1569 electronic wire, ul1571 electronic wire, ul1617 / 1618 electronic wire, ul1061 electronic wire, ul1430 / 1431 electronic wire, ul3302 electronic wire, ul3385 electronic wire, UL10368 electronic wire. Electronic wire: generally used for weak current engineering, such as internal wiring of electronic and electrical equipment. The advantages of UL electronic harness are light, thin, short, small and variety, multiple specifications and insulation, good safety performance, etc.  

hello Dear Customer Every time we deliver goods, our company follows the following process：   100% quality inspection before each shipment  

Happy New Year to Everyone ! Everything Goes Well ! Happy Everyday ！ Good Health ！     With" Happy New Year!",Great voice form everyone's heart.Best wishes,you and me,we happy together to welcome our new year with smile.We believe tomorrow will be better than ever before.

  Objective: to ensure the uniform operation and stable quality of the wire harness products during assembly. At the same time, the product meets the relevant process and customer requirements, and this operation instruction is specially formulated.   Scope: applicable to all wire crimping and assembling operations in the company.   Responsibility and right: the production department is responsible for the crimping and assembly of wire rod; the quality control department is responsible for the inspection after assembly.   Operation process and requirements:   1. During the assembly operation, first confirm whether the material (wire rod, rubber shell) model is used correctly, and whether it is consistent with the corresponding drawings and templates. If it cannot be confirmed, it is necessary to report to the stretcher for confirmation, and formal operation can be carried out only after it is correct.   2. When assembling, take the rubber shell with the left hand and a matching terminal line with the right hand. After confirming the normal and insertion direction of the terminal shrapnel, fix the angle and direction of the terminal with the right thumb and index finger, and push the bottom of the acupoint of the rubber shell directly and evenly with light force until the terminal shrapnel hooks the checkpoint in the rubber shell (under normal circumstances, you can hear a click, and feel on the hand) Insert in place. The following picture: 3. During assembly, after inserting a terminal line into the rubber shell, it must be pulled back immediately to see whether the terminal is inserted in place. If the terminal spring catches the clamping point of the rubber shell, it will not come back. Otherwise, during electrical measurement and use, the terminal that is not inserted in place will come back, affecting the use performance of power on and so on. The following picture:   4. When assembling, to prevent the terminal from being inserted reversely as a whole, it is necessary to locate the direction of the rubber shell and the sequence of the terminals. As shown in the picture: 5. When multiple single core wires are inserted into the multi hole position, each person can only insert one hole position at a time. According to the requirements of the line sequence in the engineering drawing, the assembly of a multi hole rubber shell shall be completed in turn to prevent the wire from being inserted out of place.

  1. Antenna Function   Antenna is one of the most critical components in radar system, which is used to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. It has the following basic functions:   The energy at the transmitter is converted into spatial signals with the required distribution and efficiency. This process is applied to the receiver in the same way. The signal has a certain pattern in space. Generally speaking, the azimuth angle should be narrow enough to provide the required azimuth resolution and the frequency required for target position updating. When the antenna scanning mode is mechanical scanning, it is equivalent to rotational speed. Considering that a radar antenna needs a reflector with a large size and a weight of several tons in a certain frequency band, high speed may bring an important mechanical problem. High precision direction finding.   Antenna structure must ensure that the antenna works under any environmental conditions. Radomes are usually used to protect antennas in relatively harsh environments.   The basic performance of radar is proportional to the product of antenna area or aperture and average transmit power. Therefore, the input in antenna can bring significant effect on system performance.   Considering these functions and the efficiency required by the radar antenna, there are usually two ways:   parabolic dish antenna array antenna     2. Antenna characteristics   2.1 Antenna Gain Antenna gain is an important characteristic when antenna is used for transmitting or receiving purposes alone. Pic 1 Spherical radiation of an isotropic radiator   Some antennas emit energy uniformly in all directions. This radiation is called isotropic radiation. We all know that the sun radiates energy in all directions. The energy radiated from the sun is approximately the same at any fixed distance and at any angle.   Suppose a measuring device moves around the sun and stops at the point shown in the figure to measure radiation. At any point in the circle, the distance from the measuring device to the sun is the same. The measured radiation will also be the same. Therefore, the sun is considered to be an isotropic radiator. Pic 2 Radiogram of dipole antenna   2.2 Antenna pattern   Most radiators emit more radiation in one direction than in another. A radiator like this is called an anisotropic radiator. However, a standard method is used to mark the radiation around the radiation source, so that one radiation pattern can be easily compared with another.   The energy radiated from the antenna forms a field with a certain radiation pattern. Radiogram is a method of drawing radiated energy of antenna. This energy is measured at different angles at a constant distance from the antenna. The shape of the pattern depends on the type of antenna used.   To draw such a pattern, two different types of graphs, rectangular coordinates and polar coordinates, are usually used. Polar coordinate maps have proved to be of great use in the study of radiation maps. In polar coordinates, points are located by projecting along the axis of rotation (radius) to an intersection point with several concentric equally spaced circles. The polar coordinates of the measured radiation are shown in Pic. 3. Pic DIRECTION PATTERN IN POLAR COORDINATES   The main lobe, the area around the direction of maximum radiation (usually within 3dB of the peak value of the main wave). The main wave direction in Fig. 3 is northward.   Side valve, smaller valve away from main valve. These sidelobes are usually radiated in an undesirable direction and can never be completely eliminated. Sidelobe level is an important parameter for characterizing radiation patterns   Rear lobe, which is part of the radiation opposite to the direction of the main beam.  

How should RF connectors be maintained and maintained? Regular cleaning of RF connectors and proper use of the connectors will often prolong the service life of the connectors. We know that every company will unplug connectors when using equipment. At this time, it is very important to maintain and maintain RF connectors. A good connector will also lead to performance degradation due to poor daily maintenance, resulting in economic losses and other adverse factors. So how to do a good job of connector maintenance? Let's take a look at RY's summary.   All RF connectors used in PIM testing, including test adapters, test cable components, test loads and all RF connectors on the tester, must be clean and reliable to ensure that the PIM test results of the tested parts are accurate and reliable. 1. Clean RF connectors regularly to ensure consistency in connection.   2. Make sure that the connector is in place and then tighten the nut. First make preliminary locking with hand, then use moment wrench to achieve the required moment.   3. Remove O-rings from all test adapters and cable assemblies before testing. This will reduce the torque required for tight connections with low PIM and extend the service life of connectors. (Please don't remove the O-ring on the jumper line.)   4. All connections require torque wrenches, and 7/16 connections require 20-25N.m torques. Please note that when tightening the connector, do not rotate the connector body (the second wrench should be used to fix the connector body).   5. When the connector is not working, it is necessary to ensure that there are protective caps at the interface. The number of RF connectors is limited. The typical value is 500 plugs. Because PIM test is very sensitive, the number of RF connectors may not be reached, so we need to have extra connectors, adapters and cable components.

Warm congratulations on the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China。  

1. Test with TDR method, real-time domain reflection.   2. Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technology. The technology includes the generation of time step voltages propagating along transmission lines. The reflection from impedance is detected by oscilloscope, and the ratio of input voltage to reflection voltage is measured to calculate discontinuous impedance.   3. Data measured by network analyzer in frequency domain can be used to calculate and display network step and impulse response as time function. The traditional TDR capability in reflection and transmission increases the potential for measurement in band-limited networks. In reflection mode, the network analyzer measures the reflection coefficient as a frequency function. The reflection coefficient can be regarded as a transfer function of the incident voltage and the reflected voltage. The inverse transform transforms the reflection coefficient into a time function (impulse response). The step and impulse responses can be calculated by convolution of the reflection coefficient with the input step or pulse. In transmission mode. The network analyzer measures the transfer function of a two-port device as a frequency function. The inverse transformation transforms the transfer function into the impulse response of a two-port device. The step and impulse responses are calculated by convolution of the impulse response with the input step or pulse.

The radio frequency coaxial connector is generally considered to be a component mounted on cables or instruments.Use is the transmission line electrical connection or separation. At present, the classification of connectors on the market is very complicated. There are more than 20 international general series and more varieties and specifications.Faced with such a complex product, customers in how to choose it, the next RY' Electronics Engineer will give you a detailed description of the company's product application shooting. How to choose the frequency coaxial connector?   To find a product that suits you, It's time to learn about the classification and application of RF coaxial connectors. RY connectors are summarized as follows: BNC is a card type, mostly used for less than 4 GH radio frequency connection, widely used in instrumentation and computer internet. TNC is a threaded connection, similar to BNC in size and other aspects. Its working frequency can reach 11 GHz. Thread type is suitable for vibration environment. SMA is a threaded connection with the most widely used impedance of 50 ohm and 75 ohm. When 50 ohm is used, the frequency of soft cable is less than 12.4 GHz, and semi-rigid cable is the most. Up to 26.5 GHz. SMB is smaller than SMA, for inserting self-locking structure, used for fast connection, often used in digital communications, 50 ohms can reach 4 GHz, 75 ohms to 2 GHz. SMC is threaded connection, other similar SMB, has a wider frequency range, often used in military or high vibration environment. N-type connectors are threaded, air as insulation material, low cost, frequency up to 11 GHz, commonly used in testing instruments, there are 50 and 75 ohms. MCX and MCX connectors are small in size and are used for intensive connections.

1) Terminals Type   Nowadays, there are up to 2000 kinds of terminals for automobile wiring harness, including battery terminals. In addition, it will continue to increase in the future. These can be classified as follows.   (1) Sockets and plugs   Most terminals are mosaic terminals. That is to say, there are docking terminals, and only when they are combined with each other can they function. The name of such terminals must be marked with F or M (domestic 2 or 1). (2) End conveying and side conveying   According to the terminal state before pressing, it can be divided into chain terminal and bulk terminal. Chain terminals are terminals linked together in a chain and rolled into terminal rolls, which are cut off at the same time when pressed. Bulk terminals are things that are cut off and bundled one by one in advance in terminal manufacturing engineering.   Chain terminals can be divided into end and side transports.   (3) Classification by size   Chimeric terminals are sometimes classified according to the width of the chimeric part of the male terminal (the plate part in contact with the female terminal). For example, when DJ 621-D6.3A, the joint is about 6.3mm. (4) Classification according to the purpose of use   Most terminals are generic, but there are also things that determine how to use them from the beginning. Here are a few examples. 2) Name and function of each part of terminal   The following table summarizes the names and functions of each part of the terminal. In the management of crimping, it is necessary to know the function and importance of each part of the terminal, so I hope to fully understand.   3) About Pressing Joints   In automobile harness, the connection of wire and terminal is mostly pressure type connection, which is called "press connection". The advantage of crimping is mass production. By using interlocking terminals and automatic crimping machine, a large number of uniform quality products can be manufactured quickly, but also because of a little error, a large number of defective products will be created.   4) Three major management projects of crimping   In the management of the quality of press joints, the three management items of press joints, namely, height management, tension management and appearance management, are called the three main management items of press joints.   1) Why is it necessary to manage the crimping height? This is the most important management project in the execution of crimping operations. Electrical flow through the wire through the terminal to the other terminal, wire, to connect the wire and terminal is the role of pressing. If the crimping is not at the specified height, the electricity may not flow from the wire to the end, or be broken by external forces. In order to ensure the best crimping performance, the crimping height is set. If it exceeds the specifications, the engine will not be able to start, and in serious cases, it will cause fever, shell melting, automobile combustion and other serious accidents.   2) Why is tension management necessary? The crimping height is guaranteed by the tensile strength. The tension test is fully carried out in the technical management department of the Ministry of Production and Technology. The best pressure joint height is set as the specification value, but when the blade is worn and the wrong blade shape is installed, it can not be found only by the pressure joint height sometimes, so tension confirmation should be carried out to ensure the pressure joint.     Intelligent tension tester can measure the pressure height and pull force at the same time. The test data need not be recorded manually and can be saved automatically.   3) Why is appearance management necessary? In addition to the pressing part, there are chimeric parts, buckles, stabilizing devices and other important parts on the terminal. Only the quality of the press joint can be managed through the management of press height and tension. In addition, even if the crimping height, tension and specifications are the same, the quality can not be guaranteed well without good crimping core wires and wire skins. Therefore, the appearance management is carried out.   (1) Confirmation of chimerism The chimeric part plays an important role in connecting terminals and terminals. Terminals are guaranteed by the supplier and manufacturer when they are in stock, but once they are pressed, they will be guaranteed by everyone. If the deformation is not good, the terminal and terminal can not be chimerized, which will cause the same serious defects as the bad crimping height.   (2) Poor crimping of core and insulation crimping The pressing state of core wires and barrels can also cause significant adverse effects. Compared with the normal number of core wires, even if one core wire is broken, the normal crimping height will become the same state as the crimping height (loose). In addition, under the condition of wrapping the sheath into the core wire crimping part, the crimping will become the same state as when the crimping height is low (tight). In a word, it must be bad crimping height.   (3) Terminal Deformation When the terminal is deformed up and down or twisted side, it will lead to bad insertion and serious unhealthy nailing. The plug will have bad chimerism and nail removal, and the socket will have bad nail removal. In particular, the deformation of the plug should be paid full attention to. Intelligent pressure management system uses pressure difference between good and bad products to detect all kinds of bad pressure joints. The operation is simpler than traditional pressure management, and the precision is higher than traditional pressure management. It supports the export of test data.